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PurposeUniversities and government agencies offer academic scientists entrepreneurship training and resources to catalyze their involvement in technology commercialization activity. This study investigates the impact of such training on the entrepreneurial intention and behaviors of graduate students and faculty researchers, focusing on factors that moderate these effects. Design/methodology/approachData were collected through pre-, post- and longitudinal quantitative surveys administered to 3,455 participants in the National Science Foundation I-Corps Teams program in the United States. The analysis involved repeated-measures ANOVA to assess changes in entrepreneurial intention and binary logistic regression to predict entrepreneurial behavior over time. FindingsThe first set of analyses revealed that the impact of entrepreneurial training on intention was moderated by three key factors: (1) professional role (Ph.D. student or faculty member), (2) prior entrepreneurial experience, and (3) the perceived potential of a specific technology commercialization project. Longitudinal analyses revealed that perceived project potential, followed by prior entrepreneurial experience, were the strongest moderators affecting the strength of the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and actual entrepreneurial behavior. Originality/valueAt a theoretical level, this study advances our understanding of the intention–behavior gap in academic entrepreneurship by identifying key moderating factors – professional role, prior entrepreneurial experience and project potential – that influence how intentions translate into actions. At an applied level, it explores how immersive programs such as I-Corps influence academic scientist engagement in startup activities at research universities. 

Abstract Inkjet printing has emerged as a versatile technique for the fabrication of functional materials towards non-traditional electronics, offering high precision maskless fabrication capability, low material waste, and wide substrate compatibility. However, the realization of high-quality printing of microscale features requires precise control over the jetting behavior and film formation. In this work, we systematically investigate the printing parameters for the PEDOT:PSS ink on the flexible substrates used in wearable and flexible electronics. By exploring the interplay between the printing waveform parameters, such as drive voltage, dwell time, and jetting frequency, we establish a robust operational window enabling stable droplet ejection and tunable deposition. Droplet spacing is further studied to achieve reliable droplet coalescence for high quality fabrication of the continuous patterns with high line resolution and pattern uniformity. Multilayer printing reveals consistent improvements in film thickness and electrical conductivity, with a pronounced enhancement in early layers due to percolation and phase rearrangement. The achieved printing strategy is successfully applied in functional circuit demonstrations, showing excellent electrical stability under mechanical deformation. This work offers a reproducible and scalable printing approach tailored to the PEDOT:PSS inks, providing a technical foundation for the fabrication of high-performance flexible and printed electronics. 

Debugging process plays a crucial role in helping students pinpoint their specific learning weaknesses, allowing them to modify their strategies for enhanced academic performance. Notably, changes in pupil dilation serve as an indicator of arousal associated with confronting learning challenges. This physiological response acts as a “physiological footprint” that reflects cognitive engagement, facilitating internally focused cognitive processes such as insight generation and mind-wandering. In this study, we proposed that pupil dilation could be a valuable predictor of students’ metacognitive awareness throughout the debugging process, specifically within an augmented reality (AR) learning environment. The findings revealed significant differences in pupil dilation among students categorized by their varying levels of debugging, which represents a specific dimension of the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory. 

This study investigates the method for measuring cognitive workload in augmented reality-based biomechanics lectures by analyzing pupil dilation. Using Dikablis Glasses 3 and Microsoft HoloLens, we recorded physiological and subjective data across learning and problem-solving phases. Pupil dilation was normalized and segmented, enabling a comparison of cognitive demands between phases. The results indicated significant correlations between pupil dilation and NASA TLX cognitive demand, particularly in lectures that primarily involved procedural knowledge. These findings suggest that instructional design and content complexity have a significant impact on cognitive load, providing valuable insights for optimizing AR-based learning environments to support cognitive efficiency and student engagement. 

Abstract Reconstructing past oxygen fluctuations in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) is crucial for understanding their response to climate change. Numerous studies suggest better oxygenation in the Arabian Sea OMZ during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to the Holocene. However, bottom water oxygen (BWO) variability during the Penultimate Glacial Cycle (Marine Isotope Stage [MIS] 6 to MIS 5e, ∼140–115 ka B.P.) remains poorly constrained. This study reconstructs BWO variations during this period from sediment core TN041‐8JPC in the western Arabian Sea OMZ, utilizing proxies including benthic foraminiferal surface porosity, redox‐sensitive trace metal enrichment factors (e.g., U_EF), and U/Ba ratios. Bottom water oxygen concentrations were 24.4 ± 5.9 μmol/kg during MIS 6 and 16.8 ± 6.5 μmol/kg during MIS 5e, with all proxies indicating higher BWO in MIS 6 than in MIS 5e. However, these proxies show different patterns within MIS 5e, indicating that U_EFand U/Ba ratios may be limited to recording average BWO in glacial and interglacial (quasi)steady states. We propose that the intensified OMZ during MIS 5e, relative to MIS 6, was driven by higher productivity, temperature‐induced reductions in oxygen solubility, and reduced delivery of Southern‐sourced intermediate waters. In contrast, the intensified OMZ during the Holocene, compared to the LGM, was likely influenced by lower oxygen solubility, reduced Southern water delivery, and winter convective mixing rather than productivity. This study highlights a general trend of weaker OMZs in glacial than interglacial periods, though the mechanisms may not be identical, offering insights into OMZ dynamics under climate change in the past. 

Superlattices of polyhedral nanocrystals exhibit emergent properties defined by their structural arrangements, but native nanocrystal ligands often limit their programmability. Polymeric ligands address this limitation by enabling tunable nanocrystal softness through modifications of polymer molecular weight and grafting density. Here, we investigate phase transitions in polymer-grafted nanooctahedra by varying polymer length, nanocrystal size, truncation, and ligand density. In two-dimensional superlattices, longer polymers or smaller nanooctahedra induce a transition from orientationally ordered to hexagonal rotator lattices. In three-dimensional superlattices, increasing polymer length drives transitions from Minkowski to body-centered cubic and plastic hexagonal close-packed phases, while higher grafting densities further enable transitions to simple hexagonal phases. Polymer brush and thermodynamic perturbation theories, supported by Monte Carlo simulations, uncover the entropic and enthalpic forces that govern these transitions. This work highlights the versatility of polymer-grafted anisotropic nanocrystals as building blocks for designing hierarchical superstructures and metamaterials with customizable properties.